Architecture is a process or a product building layout and the other of physical structure forms. The term “architecture” comes from the Latin architectura taken from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων (arkhitekton) comes from two words namely ἀρχι- (chief and τέκτων (builder, carpenter, mason). The work of architecture is often considered as a symbol of culture and as a work of art. If the architecture is advanced, then civilization is considered as the grown civilization anyway.
The word “architecture” can mean:
- A term common to describe the building and other physical structure .
- The art and science of designing buildings and some nonbuilding structures.
- Design, style, and method of construction of buildings and other physical structure.
- Practice that does an architect, where architecture means to offer services professional who has nothing to do with the design and construction of buildings. Or design an environment.
- The activities of the architect. All of the macro (design urban, architectural landscaping) or the level of the micro (the design construction and furniture).
Architecture has to do with planning, design, and development of form, space, and atmosphere as well as consider the functional, technical, impact, social, environmental, and aesthetic. It requires creativity and coordination between the material, light, shadow, and technology. The architect should also consider the schedule development, estimate costs, and coordination when development. The result can be a picture, a blueprint (blue print), specs technical, and the plan.
The word “architecture” has also been used to describe other systems especially in the field of technology information.
1. Theory Of Architecture
1.1. The History Of Early Architecture
The first work of writing concerns of the problem of architecture entitled De architectura written by the architect Roman Vitruvius at the beginning of the 1bc century. According to Vitruvius, a good building should meet three principles that Firmitas, utilities, venustas. Which means “endurance, Utility, Beauty”. If it is regarded, then it means:
- Endurance. The building must stand firm and remain in good condition .
- Utility. The building should comply with for its intended purpose.
- Beauty. The building must be aesthetically and fun.
According to Vitruvius, each architect should strive to fulfill each of the three attributes as best. Leone Battista Alberti, who described the idea of Vitruvius in his treatises, entitled De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily from the angle of proportion, even though the ornaments are also felt in the role. For Alberti, the rules of proportion like set the form of the human ideal with the ratio ideal.
1.2. The Concept Of Modern Architecture
The idea that consideration structural and aesthetics should be fully subject to the functions met with popularity and skepticism, have in common with the concept of “utility” on the idea of Vitruvius. The utility includes all the use criteria, perception, and enjoyment of a building. Not only practically, keep also in aesthetic, psychological, and cultural.
The philosophy that has affected the architect of modern and their approach to the design of the building is rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
Driving the growth of modern architecture is the education of formal teaching and to push the thinking of the modern; many of these kinds of new buildings are very needed at present as a factory, office, etc.; ingredients that are more diverse and easy in handling; often there is promotion of modern architecture; and planning a building that was based on the need.
To fulfill the ethics building, then the building must be built in a way friendly to the environment in the production of the ingredients. Because the building was a huge impact on the environment around it.
2. History Of Development Of Architecture
The first building is the evolution of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, a place of worship, etc.) and means (available material building and skill workers). Used architecture is the work of art of the most respected.
In many ancient civilizations like Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture as a symbol of the ruling power. The architecture of classics civilization like the Greek and the Roman evolved from the ideals of society.
The architecture of Asia has the different of characteristics. Architecture Buddha, to show diversity. The architecture of temples of the Hindu, reveal macrocosms and microcosms. The architecture of Islam combine the architecture of the Middle East's ancient and Byzantine but still in accordance with the needs of the religious and social society. In many countries in Asia, religion caused the design of architecture specially designed to enhance the view of nature.
In Europe in the middle ages, there are the craftsmen that aim to regulate trade them. Buildings with high artistic usually a monastery and a cathedral. Styles of architecture in Europe mostly use the style of Roman and Gothic.
With knowledge, man can create various materials and new technology. The architect began to focus on the aspect of aesthetics and humanism ven sacrificing the technical aspects of the design of the building. The industrial revolution opened the door to the production of mass.
Since the 1980s, the building starts getting more and more complex. This led to the field of architecture into a discipline isolated and has a specialty against the project in particular. The process of preparing the design of every building big become more complicated and need a study about endurance, sustainability, quality, money, and local law.
3. Engineering Architecture
In Engineering Architecture, there are a few areas of expertise offered. Field of expertise is among others is :
- Science and Building Technology
- Architecture Designs-based on computer
- Environment of city and settlement
- Criticism Analyst and History of Architecture
A lot of colleges contained the technique of architecture. A graduate of engineering architecture can work in various fields like institution government (General Service Work , The Planning Area, etc), architecture consultant, education, research, and contractor.
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