General characteristics of Renaissance Architecture

General characteristics of Renaissance Architecture, In General, Renaissance architecture had a religious function as a church and Chapel (legacy and continue building the Medieval period), the buildings of the Palace, the seat of Government and residence of the pastor's houses or merchants (which is a respectable member of the community).

Theories are prominent in the building are the application of the concept of strong symmetry, in looks and space within the building. The majority of usage of building materials/material of marble in the interior of the building and the color tends to be monochrome or color.

The Renaissance Interior architecture - Image by Google

The building is rich in decorative elements, both on the interior or exterior of the building. The decorative elements are generally carving/sculpture, reliefs, and paintings. The theme of the decorative element generally symbolizes the characters or nature interpretations and the human figure, flora, fauna, and landscapes.

In deep scope, parts of the walls and ceilings are generally coated carvings (stucco) that's the object around the flora, the figure and the behavior of the fauna and humans, masks, boat as well as a shield. The use of the image, combined with the architectural detail, both on the interior or exterior. There is a building façade there is a row of columns with decorated elements patterned decorative flora, the arrangement of the order can be either Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.

The application of horizontal lines and elements of the arc on flat areas. The roof, the roof is either flat or shield equipped with ornament, either in the form of Lantern, Louvre, Lucarne, Ammortizement, Tympanum or Balustrade.

Read also : The Renaissance Architectural Theory

Examples of the architect and the building in the early Renaissance, Brunelleschi.
They saw the dome created to reinforce the impression of a double wall horizontally, to give the impression of weight on the building, wearing Gothic construction with spans the outer skin of the dome with 24 frame and direct building profiles using the dome construction (building: s. Spirito and the Cathedral of Florence). Alberti.
Uniting two mathematical concepts and painting as a decorative element. The building is magnificent and has the concept of symmetry. (area: s. Andrea, Mantua).

City planning and the Palace in Urbino and Pienza, Florence, the concept is offset blocks time massive walled with horizontal elements and a row of columns with a certain rhythm that is given the final touches on the feet and the head of the column. Flat roof construction made of wood with restricted cornice. (building: Gaudagni Palace, Grimanti Palace, Florence and Venice).

Examples of the architect and the building which is considered ' High ' Renaissance Bramante.
The main characteristic of the new impression on the form raises buildings to tend to be dynamic (for example curved shape) and monumental (buildings: St. Peter, Rome 1506). Michelangelo.
The building rests on the concept of an antique roman, with decorative elements in the form of paintings on the roof and sculpture with classical motifs. (building: Modern Capital in Rome).

Source of reference:
Ching Francis DK, 1987, Architecture: From, Space and Order, Van 39th
Reinhold.
Funk and Wagnalls, 1990, New Encyclopedia, vol – 22.
Klassen, Winand, 1992, Architecture and Philosophy, Philipines: Calvano Printers
Cebu City.
Kruf, Hanno-Walter, 1994, A History of Architectural Theory, By
Architectural Press.
Mangunwijaya, YB, 1987, Wastu Citra, Gramedia, Jakarta.
Pierre von Meiss,, 1985, Elements of Architecture, Van 39th Reinhold.
Soger, Smith t., 1987, An Ilustrated History of Architecture Style, Omega Books.
Soger, Smith t., 1989, An Ilustrated History of Architecture Style, Omega Books.
Sumalyo, Yulianto, 1997, architectural Moder End of XIX century and the 20th century.
Gajahmada University Press, Yagyakarta.

The Renaissance Architectural Theory

The Renaissance Architectural Theory, 
Understanding

Definition of Renaissance according to Merriam – Webster dictionary is:
"The revival of classical influences in the art and literature and the beginning of modern science in Europe in the 14th-17th centuries, also movement or period of vigorous artistic and intellectual activity".

The Renaissance ages(enlightenment ages) appears after the period of the middle ages or Medieval period (Middle Age), commonly referred to as the time of darkness. Called so because at that time less or absence of new thoughts, especially in the world of architecture which makes the architectural works by stopping or simply manipulate the elements of a decorative nature detail (like the Rococo Architecture). Factors that strongly influenced the birth of the Renaissance (enlightenment) is the existence of concepts and new thinking in the way of the view of man in his life that is by way of an appreciation of human reason (personal), it's no longer just rely on the leadership of the Church.

The Basic Concept Of Renaissance Thought

Renaissance occurring rebirth of classical architecture, based on the architecture of Classical Greece with Classical Architecture of Roman influence. The short history of the people of Greece has been deeply discussed the way of life in the world. To get a life unpalatable, there need to rule. The rule was made for set the human and nature. Human nature makes the rules & "we" that produces the familiar "HUMANISM".

"HUMANISM" Doctrine which says that human beings are able to set himself and nature. (Humanism that contains the familiar "‟ LIBERALISM).
"LIBERALISM" Doctrine which says that human beings should be free. Free organize himself and nature, so man should make the rules, and rules are made with common sense. This is the core of the doctrine of "RATIONALISM".

"RATIONALISM" Doctrine that says the truth is sought and measured by an intellectual. Thus, in the end, will bring up the familiar "EMPIRICISM".
In essence, the "HUMANISM" is the doctrine that aims to raise the degree and the glory of the man. Understand this underlying appreciation of the artist and his works. Classical world interested towards HUMANITIES and love going to the beauty of the human figure, used as an object, as a human being is the most beautiful works of art.

The doctrine of "RATIONALISM" underlying curiosity (coriosity) and the investigation of the nature of nature, gave rise to new Sciences (Mathematics, perspective, and Antomi). The application of these studies formed the basis of the theory is applied to the works of the Renaissance.

The Birth Of The Renaissance

The influence of the Renaissance developed since the beginning of the 14th century in Florence, Italy which later spread to France, Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal and also to the countries of the European colonies in the Americas, Asia, and Africa.

Renaissance originated in the works of literature, based on the work of Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Dante. Then followed by sculpture and painting (with some of its artists, namely Gimabue, Nicola Pisano and Giotto). Then the last one is the development of the art of architecture. [Fimbul] Brunelleschi (1377-1438) was the first architect of the Renaissance, starting from Goldsmith, sculptor and also studied mathematics. As well as making images of work from ancient Roman buildings in Rome.
The "Ospedale Degli Innocenti" 1419 (The Founding Hospital) his first "Tuscan and Romanesque" style.

The next design shows the approach to the New Classical style, such as the tendency of "symmetry", "proportional" and application of "Arcade with columns supporting a half circle (the element of ARC)", is a feature of Renaissance architecture style. While Alberti with Palazzo Rucellai (1446), which has a façade with order forms of pillars and the horizontal stripes on the broad flat areas, this pattern became popular in the future, they are the two main characters.

Theories of Renaissance Architecture

Development of the theory of architecture used the architects during the Renaissance believed that their buildings should be one part of a grammar rule. They returned in Greece mathematical proportion system so the architecture is the notion of mathematics occurred which rendered in units of space. The development of theories of Renaissance refers to a philosophy created by Plato, Pythagoras, and Aristotle.

Plato's theory to see that natural beauty appears through the presence of lines, circles, and the surface that produces geometric shape and volume of the absolute.

The Pythagorean theory was the basis of a comparison of the ratio of development forms the basis for the architectural proportions-proportions by trying to establish the mathematical calculations, that are aesthetical.

Read also:

• International Style Architecture
• Theoretical Examination in Architecture

The theory of Aristotle posited the theory of space as a venue and the limited Cosmos then evolved up to the emergence of the concept of "Cartesian Spaces". This theory States that the length, width, and thickness form a geometric regularity exists as a two or three-dimensional grid (the concept of the geometry of space). A combination of several previous theories of Vitruvius theory with the theory of Proportion in the Renaissance emphasis on HARMONY.

Proportion,

Is a comparison between each of the dimensions of the resulting equilibrium dimensions. This theory is applied based on the application of the human body through the systems of mathematical and geometric forms that produce a unique and universal systems. The proportion of applied theory of Andrea Palladio (1508 – 1580) asserts the seven fruits of the most beautiful room proportions, namely in the form of "seven forms of floor plan Ideal spaces" (see picture).
In addition, Palladio suggested a number of ways to determine the correct height, to the spaces that have a flat ceiling, the height of the space is supposed to be 1/3 greater than the width. Palladio using Pythagoras to determine height space with the use of mathematics, geometry, and harmony.

MATHEMATICALLY: C – B/B-A = C/C for example 1, 2, 3 or 6, 9,12
GEOMETRIC: C – B/B-A = C/B eg. 1, 2, 3 or 4, 6, 9
HARMONICS: C – B/B-A = C/A eg. 2, 3, 4 or 6, 8, 12

The law of Pythagoras declared that "everything is arranged according to the numbers."
Plato developed the Pythagorean aesthetics of the figures being aesthetic proportions by creating squares and cubes. The increase in numbers is simple to create added- the addition of two or 3 x folding.
Sequence numbers 1, 2, 4, 8, and 1, 3, 9, 27 and reveals the harmonious nature of the structure.
The theory of the Renaissance developed a ratio, the ratio not only at the dimension of a space or the façade but also in the proportion of the proportion relation spaces from a sequence of spaces or a floor plan of the whole.

Balance,

This theory posited about balance in shapes, dimensions, and ratios. This balance is made through a "Symmetrical ‟ or" Asymmetric ‟. Symmetrical is the special case of coherent principles of each element. From this symmetry, the axis generated or axis, which can give the impression of formal and religious.
Symmetry in the architecture of the Renaissance, to Symmetry with the Aesthetic principles. Pay attention to the harmony (harmony), as used by Palladio or pay attention to the power of symbols of religious buildings such as the works of Michelangelo.
Symmetry with the constructive principles. Using rationality with static rules to form a simple landscape, the framework of the dome, arcs, and others.

Geometry.

Geometry on the theory of the Renaissance towards shapes, dimensions and ratios applied the approach to the structure of the human body through the proportion is applied to the elements of the architecture. The analogy between the proportions of the body with the building's architectural treasures has made the term façade, the building's skin, skeleton, as well as the relationships between the size, shape, and motion of "human scale ‟.

Perspective

The theory of Perspective in the Renaissance by Brunelleschi who apply perspective in the development of the architecture of "space and Shape ‟. This is visible in his work the Piazza Del Campidoglio in Rome. The development of the principle of perspective this is clearly influenced by the new understanding of the rules of optics.

Technology

The technology is very supportive of the development of concepts and theories of architectural Renaissance. The first is the science of carpentry that gets ease due to the discovery of techniques serving stereotomy works Delorme (1510 – 1570). This technique can describe the making of the "bow ‟ (vaulting) with stone pieces.

This was later developed by Gottfried Semper (1803-1879) and theory of tectonics. Semper said that the language of architecture is a language of hand that its realization is tectonic, while spaces need to be revealed through stereotomic. This includes hand language how to connect elements of construction. The second is the building science that dispenses the types of houses, followed by the development of the regulations and the main building.


Source of references:
Ching, Francis DK, 1987, Architecture: From, Space and Order, Van Nostrand
Reinhold.
Funk dan Wagnalls, 1990, New Encyclopedia, vol – 22.
Klassen, Winand, 1992, Architecture and Philosophy, Philipines: Calvano Printers
Cebu City.
Kruft, Hanno-Walter, 1994, A History of Architectural Theory, Princeton
Architectural Press.
Mangunwijaya, YB, 1987, Wastu Citra, Gramedia, Jakarta.
Meiss, Pierre von, 1985, Elements of Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Soger, Smith T., 1987, An Illustrated of History Architecture Style, Omega Books.
Soger, Smith T., 1989, An Illustrated of History Architecture Style, Omega Books.
Sumalyo, Yulianto, 1997, Arsitektur Moder Akhir Abad XIX dan Abad XX.
Gajahmada University Press, Yogyakarta.

International Style Architecture

International Style Architecture - International style Architecture is an architectural style that trend in 1920-1930. The term International Style generally refers to the architect and the building of the Decade view of the development of the modern style, before World War II.

VillaSavoye - Image by Google

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The international style was a major architectural style that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, the time of the formation of modernist architecture. The term is derived from the title of a book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson written to record the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1932. The book identifies, categorize and expand the General characteristics of modernism around the world. As a result, the focus is more on aspects of modernism style deepened. Destination Hitchcock and Johnson is setting the style of the period that will shape the modern architecture.

They identify three different principles: the expression of volume rather than mass, balance than symmetry prejudice and removal of ornaments. All the works on display as part of the activities are carefully selected, as only the work that meet a series of requirements that are exhibited. The previous use of the term with the same context can be given on International Architektur by Walter Gropius and Internationale Neue Baukunst by Ludwig Hilberseimer.

General characteristics of the international style Architects include:

• Radical simplification of form

• Rejection of ornament, and

• Adoption of glass, steel and concrete as the material of choice.

• Transparency of construction (the honest expression of the structure)

• Its fabrication materials/structures

• Use of geometric forms. Simple Cube-shaped "Quadrilateral long presses".

• All parts of the building face angles of 90 degrees and Decker. Flange-four or shaped elbows.

• Windows arranged in a horizontal line and form a line.

• Minimize the ornaments.

• Form follows function

Knowing Roof Garden: History, Benefits, and Applications

Knowing Roof Garden: History, Benefits, and Applications - The development of modern roof garden (roof garden or green roof) is a relatively new phenomenon. Roof garden technology was first developed in Germany in the 1980s and then spread to other European countries such as Switzerland, the Netherlands, Austria English, Italian, French, and Swedish. Even today, an estimated 10% of all buildings in Germany has a rooftop garden. In addition to Germany, Austria (Linz city) has developed a roof garden project since 1983, as well as the Swiss began to intensively develop the roof garden since 1990.

The Green Rooftop - Image by Google

In the UK, London and Sheffield city authorities have even made a special policy regarding the development of a roof garden. Development of a roof garden is also popular in the United States although less intensively than in Europe. In America, the roof garden concept was first developed in Chicago, then became popular in Atlanta, Portland, Washington, and New York (Wikipedia, 2008). Several countries in Asia such as Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, China, and Singapore were activists in the rooftop garden project.

The existence of a roof garden, especially in large cities (metropolitan) has an important role as well as other green spaces. The threat to the existence of green space from the development of city infrastructure can be offset or compensated by developing the common rooftop. Generally, benefits from a garden roof (roof garden) is as follows (Green Rooftops, 2008, Holladay, 2006):

Reducing the level of air pollution, the vegetation on the roof garden can transform pollutants (toxins) in the air into harmless compounds through resignation, roof gardens also play a role in stabilizing the amount of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere of the city so as to suppress the greenhouse effect, Lowering the temperature, the presence of roof garden can reduce the effects of heat radiation from the sun and from the walls of the ground (heat island effect), water conservation, roof garden can keep most of the water comes from rain water that provides a mechanism evaporation-transpiration more efficient, reduce noise pollution / noise, the composition of the vegetation on the roof garden has a good potential for reducing the noise that comes from outside the building (the noise of the motor vehicle or industrial activities) Showing the beauty aspect of the building (aesthetics), as well as the function of the park in general, garden roof (green roof) provides development aspects beauty that looks more alive, beautiful, and comfortable, increasing biodiversity diversity of the city, the roof garden can serve as the hub for the movement and habitat organisms (animals) between green space in urban areas.

Images by Google

Based on the total cost (maintenance) is needed, the depth of the soil (growing media), and the type of plants used, roof garden is divided into three kinds, namely (The Site.org Environment, 2006):

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• Room Color Inspiration
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Extensive roof garden (Green Roof wide), the type of roof garden maintenance cost is low enough, the growing media (soil) is shallow, and the plant used is a light ornamental plant garden. Roof scales are light and narrow buildings are widely used in homes that are not too area such as a garage, roofs, terraces, or walls.

Extensive roof garden Semi (Semi-Extensive Green Roof), a roof garden has a depth of planting medium (soil) over a spacious roof garden, can accommodate a large number of plants and more decorative. The roof garden requires a stronger structure and weight.

Roof Garden Intensive (Intensive Green Roof), a roof garden has a broad measure of the structure of a large and powerful, able to accommodate various types of small and large plants (trees) .Taman roof of this type are widely used in large buildings (skyscrapers) and can be used as recreational facilities.

The rooftop garden also has many advantages are many. Benefits The benefits of roof gardens include:

1. The benefits of ecology

• Can create a cool microclimate.
• Inviting animals - animals such as birds and other poultry.
• Preserving other plants.
• Reduce air pollution.

2. Technical Advantages

• For inhibiting the rate of rainwater.
• as a protective roof, so that the concrete becomes more durable.
• can reduce urban noise.

3. Advantages for building owners

• The more durable roof of the building so that the cost of care more efficient.
• Adding a new room that will be used.
• and can certainly improve the marketability of the building.

In urban areas, most of the space is filled with great buildings (skyscrapers), has great potential to be developed park roof (roof garden). Application roof garden is now widespread, not confined to the building of skyscrapers, but it can be developed in the construction of the home, though. Applications rooftop garden can be done in urban areas (urban areas), in office buildings, shopping malls, hotels, apartments, or flats, the area or the residential complex (housing), in industrial areas such as factories, and in other places such as amusement parks (recreation), museums, schools, universities, hospitals, airports, stations, libraries, and so forth (Green Rooftops, 2008).

Some examples of buildings that are equipped with roof garden including ACROS building (Asian Crossroads Over the Sea) in the city of Fukuoka, Japan, Namba Park in Osaka, Japan, Chicago City Hall, United States, Ballard Library in Seattle, USA; Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore, the Horniman Museum and Canary Wharf in London, England, museum L'Historial de la Vendée, France, and the Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, USA. via Graniterock

Communication Activities In Architecture

Communication Activities In Architecture -  He said, the architecture should be seen as a whole. In which are interwoven threads two aspects. There are aspects of the human environment and the natural environment. Let's try to unveil more in the position of the architecture in the context of life. Certainly in the context of a life of always changed. Why? Because he says the only thing that is the most consistent in life is to change itself isn't it?

Originally the entire living beings meet their needs by making use of the natural environment. On wild animals (not the beast pets), life is very dependent on nature. Without nature, wild animals have no food. In contrast to humans. Man as a creature which is said to have high intelligence can live without having to always rely on nature.

According to tales of human primitive foraging when days are bright. Certainly, the intent of the day, because they haven't had the right night lighting tools such as we are now. Changes in natural conditions make human era used to be aware of. They are so aware there are days when they cannot hunt because of the horrible weather. Then, they think of a place to hoard food supplies break of nature began.

A simple story above implies two things

– Establishment of the first human communication with nature. Nature started talking in human beings. There is light during the dark tone of the da night. There's a hot sun and there is a cold month. There's a cool gust of angina da tone and chilly rain. Then the man so understands natural language. The man then understands the habits and patterns of nature. Humans started can guess what nature wants.

– Both the creation of a man-made object, due to the insistence of life. On the story above human beings make hoarding food for supplies. Humans need a place to hoard food. Humans also need to communicate with nature, so that the place of the foods matches the nature of nature! While humans also need to communicate this food place, on a sesame another human being! That is, advice on his group so as not to mistakenly mistook this place for other activities.

The architecture was created as an answer to the needs of the space for human activities. Starting from collecting activities that are common to the activities of the sleep fuck that is very intimate. Humans started making different rooms to accommodate the activities above. But, later first! This applies only to a narrow context. The narrow question is if the architecture is only considered as a way of solving it.

Theoretical Examination in Architecture

Theoretical Examination in Architecture - The architecture is a noun. According to the rules of grammar, it's architecture is not taxable, awkward, not fair. So let's say or we see architecture as a verb. This is in line with the proposal of Van Peurseun in his book the strategy of culture (1976) about your culture. He argues do not see culture as a noun. Preferably as a verb. Nobody knew, perhaps from the tata said this could be incorrect. But if seen from the other side could also not wrong.

On landscape architecture practice, study about architecture is needed. Why? Because by understanding a real in-depth work, hopefully, we can make the work of architecture that is better than the existing one. Easy, learn from the experience. The nation of Japan, Korea and now the Chinese are very good at this. Sophisticated electronic tools are reportedly man-made state that its technology is advanced when it enters and then dismantled later learned. The next step was made electronics more pretty and sophisticated. Also, the price is cheaper.

In the theoretic academic, do a review of the whole process of architecture is a must. Why? In order to teach architecture with good and true, academicians should understand about this theoretic in depth. If not, it will be like what is the quality of his disciples? Another case if it considered it unnecessary. That has always been practiced without theorized it was often referred to as the mortgagee. Builders Engineers Architecture? It's an education first. Now? Artisan ST (Bachelor of engineering) architecture? That is if the output alias carpentry training school.

Architecture sketch

It is said that knowledge of architecture born precisely from the practice. Originally indeed derived through a process of apprenticeship. Probably similar Empu Senduk that teaches how to make the mighty keris on his pupils. A beginner should be learned in a relatively long on a master builder before she can master what is exemplified by his teacher. Unfortunately in the process of the trial-error, if successfully often beginners above will be a copy of the master. In this process only very few beginners who can participate. Also, the capability to master in the mastery of architectural knowledge was often questioned. Not to mention the process of teaching, if now might be questionable is accreditations or ISO (International Organization for Standardization).

To open up wider opportunities for beginners and for the sake of improving the quality of this knowledge, architecture began to be included in higher education. Consequences are the knowledge of architecture should be able to theorize and in full responsibility of the nature of scientific level. Architectural knowledge is here, of course, emphasized on designing knowledge architecture. It is said that is why most of the educational institutions of architecture, architecture design studio assume that is the backbone of the entire learning architecture.

News of the cliche that is circulating, in the system of apprenticeship that taught only the approach and method of the design of an expert. On the University certainly must be different. Should be taught various-variety approaches and design methods that exist in the world of architectures. Thus students are expected to get broader insights. So definitely a formal education in different levels with training professions internships.

Esri CityEngine

Esri CityEngine - is a software for professionals in the fields of architecture, urban planner, entertainment industries, GIS and General, produces 3D content with a unique conceptual design and modeling solution for creating a 3D city and efficient buildings. a quick way to build a virtual city, easy to use for the design concept or visualization of the city models. -based city planning with the ability building of parametric and the ability to import GIS and other data in the real world.

All types of objects, the curve of the street and modeling tools are available, or real life data can be easily imported. CityEngine provides visualization tools used to make the building fit rules-based method that is useful throughout the design process.

For example, ETH Zurich, Switzerland's Federal Institute for technology, devising a plan for the village of Switzerland in Foster + Partners project Masdar City (a new sustainable city being built on empty land) using the CityEngine.

The main language of volumetric design was discovered, encoded as a rule form of CGA (grammatical forms for procedural modeling architecture that produce CG building shells with high visual quality and geometric detail) in the auto and building appropriate CityEngine produced.

In simple form, most likely to be used by the user's location, the modeling process begins by placing a grid of streets in an area that can be edited and then entered the building, according to a set of parameters that are designated by the user.

Major changes can be made in real-time to buildings in the city through a smart system to place your demographic information. Parameters such as altitude, type of building (terracing Victoria, more modern) or land use mix-all can be controlled in this way to show the realistic ' environment '.

Here, each building can be selected and manually adjusted with the height, appearance, and purpose; the road can be moved and shifted with real-time effects on the environment. After designing the building in program modeling CAD can be export as OBJ, Collada or FBX file required in the form of 3D.

CityEngine work with 3D, Collada ®, Autodesk ® FBX ®, DXF, 3DS, Wavefront OBJ, and e-on software Vue ® and.

The result is building design can be placed in a new city in a very short time. CityEngine can also integrate with ArcGIS.

CityEngine rendering tool, not just modeling tool. To get the animation or photo-realistic rendering from a model of the city, we can export to the rendering program design. e.g. through the import into 3ds Max.