The Renaissance Architectural Theory,
Understanding
Definition of Renaissance according to Merriam – Webster dictionary is:
"The revival of classical influences in the art and literature and the beginning of modern science in Europe in the 14th-17th centuries, also movement or period of vigorous artistic and intellectual activity".
The Renaissance ages(enlightenment ages) appears after the period of the middle ages or Medieval period (Middle Age), commonly referred to as the time of darkness. Called so because at that time less or absence of new thoughts, especially in the world of architecture which makes the architectural works by stopping or simply manipulate the elements of a decorative nature detail (like the Rococo Architecture). Factors that strongly influenced the birth of the Renaissance (enlightenment) is the existence of concepts and new thinking in the way of the view of man in his life that is by way of an appreciation of human reason (personal), it's no longer just rely on the leadership of the Church.
The Basic Concept Of Renaissance Thought
Renaissance occurring rebirth of classical architecture, based on the architecture of Classical Greece with Classical Architecture of Roman influence. The short history of the people of Greece has been deeply discussed the way of life in the world. To get a life unpalatable, there need to rule. The rule was made for set the human and nature. Human nature makes the rules & "we" that produces the familiar "HUMANISM".
"HUMANISM" Doctrine which says that human beings are able to set himself and nature. (Humanism that contains the familiar "‟ LIBERALISM).
"LIBERALISM" Doctrine which says that human beings should be free. Free organize himself and nature, so man should make the rules, and rules are made with common sense. This is the core of the doctrine of "RATIONALISM".
"RATIONALISM" Doctrine that says the truth is sought and measured by an intellectual. Thus, in the end, will bring up the familiar "EMPIRICISM".
In essence, the "HUMANISM" is the doctrine that aims to raise the degree and the glory of the man. Understand this underlying appreciation of the artist and his works. Classical world interested towards HUMANITIES and love going to the beauty of the human figure, used as an object, as a human being is the most beautiful works of art.
The doctrine of "RATIONALISM" underlying curiosity (coriosity) and the investigation of the nature of nature, gave rise to new Sciences (Mathematics, perspective, and Antomi). The application of these studies formed the basis of the theory is applied to the works of the Renaissance.
The Birth Of The Renaissance
The influence of the Renaissance developed since the beginning of the 14th century in Florence, Italy which later spread to France, Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal and also to the countries of the European colonies in the Americas, Asia, and Africa.
Renaissance originated in the works of literature, based on the work of Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Dante. Then followed by sculpture and painting (with some of its artists, namely Gimabue, Nicola Pisano and Giotto). Then the last one is the development of the art of architecture. [Fimbul] Brunelleschi (1377-1438) was the first architect of the Renaissance, starting from Goldsmith, sculptor and also studied mathematics. As well as making images of work from ancient Roman buildings in Rome.
The "Ospedale Degli Innocenti" 1419 (The Founding Hospital) his first "Tuscan and Romanesque" style.
The next design shows the approach to the New Classical style, such as the tendency of "symmetry", "proportional" and application of "Arcade with columns supporting a half circle (the element of ARC)", is a feature of Renaissance architecture style. While Alberti with Palazzo Rucellai (1446), which has a façade with order forms of pillars and the horizontal stripes on the broad flat areas, this pattern became popular in the future, they are the two main characters.
Theories of Renaissance Architecture
Development of the theory of architecture used the architects during the Renaissance believed that their buildings should be one part of a grammar rule. They returned in Greece mathematical proportion system so the architecture is the notion of mathematics occurred which rendered in units of space. The development of theories of Renaissance refers to a philosophy created by Plato, Pythagoras, and Aristotle.
Plato's theory to see that natural beauty appears through the presence of lines, circles, and the surface that produces geometric shape and volume of the absolute.
The Pythagorean theory was the basis of a comparison of the ratio of development forms the basis for the architectural proportions-proportions by trying to establish the mathematical calculations, that are aesthetical.
Read also:
The theory of Aristotle posited the theory of space as a venue and the limited Cosmos then evolved up to the emergence of the concept of "Cartesian Spaces". This theory States that the length, width, and thickness form a geometric regularity exists as a two or three-dimensional grid (the concept of the geometry of space). A combination of several previous theories of Vitruvius theory with the theory of Proportion in the Renaissance emphasis on HARMONY.
Proportion,
Is a comparison between each of the dimensions of the resulting equilibrium dimensions. This theory is applied based on the application of the human body through the systems of mathematical and geometric forms that produce a unique and universal systems. The proportion of applied theory of Andrea Palladio (1508 – 1580) asserts the seven fruits of the most beautiful room proportions, namely in the form of "seven forms of floor plan Ideal spaces" (see picture).
In addition, Palladio suggested a number of ways to determine the correct height, to the spaces that have a flat ceiling, the height of the space is supposed to be 1/3 greater than the width. Palladio using Pythagoras to determine height space with the use of mathematics, geometry, and harmony.
MATHEMATICALLY: C – B/B-A = C/C for example 1, 2, 3 or 6, 9,12
GEOMETRIC: C – B/B-A = C/B eg. 1, 2, 3 or 4, 6, 9
HARMONICS: C – B/B-A = C/A eg. 2, 3, 4 or 6, 8, 12
The law of Pythagoras declared that "everything is arranged according to the numbers."
Plato developed the Pythagorean aesthetics of the figures being aesthetic proportions by creating squares and cubes. The increase in numbers is simple to create added- the addition of two or 3 x folding.
Sequence numbers 1, 2, 4, 8, and 1, 3, 9, 27 and reveals the harmonious nature of the structure.
The theory of the Renaissance developed a ratio, the ratio not only at the dimension of a space or the façade but also in the proportion of the proportion relation spaces from a sequence of spaces or a floor plan of the whole.
Balance,
This theory posited about balance in shapes, dimensions, and ratios. This balance is made through a "Symmetrical ‟ or" Asymmetric ‟. Symmetrical is the special case of coherent principles of each element. From this symmetry, the axis generated or axis, which can give the impression of formal and religious.
Symmetry in the architecture of the Renaissance, to Symmetry with the Aesthetic principles. Pay attention to the harmony (harmony), as used by Palladio or pay attention to the power of symbols of religious buildings such as the works of Michelangelo.
Symmetry with the constructive principles. Using rationality with static rules to form a simple landscape, the framework of the dome, arcs, and others.
Geometry.
Geometry on the theory of the Renaissance towards shapes, dimensions and ratios applied the approach to the structure of the human body through the proportion is applied to the elements of the architecture. The analogy between the proportions of the body with the building's architectural treasures has made the term façade, the building's skin, skeleton, as well as the relationships between the size, shape, and motion of "human scale ‟.
Perspective
The theory of Perspective in the Renaissance by Brunelleschi who apply perspective in the development of the architecture of "space and Shape ‟. This is visible in his work the Piazza Del Campidoglio in Rome. The development of the principle of perspective this is clearly influenced by the new understanding of the rules of optics.
Technology
The technology is very supportive of the development of concepts and theories of architectural Renaissance. The first is the science of carpentry that gets ease due to the discovery of techniques serving stereotomy works Delorme (1510 – 1570). This technique can describe the making of the "bow ‟ (vaulting) with stone pieces.
This was later developed by Gottfried Semper (1803-1879) and theory of tectonics. Semper said that the language of architecture is a language of hand that its realization is tectonic, while spaces need to be revealed through stereotomic. This includes hand language how to connect elements of construction. The second is the building science that dispenses the types of houses, followed by the development of the regulations and the main building.
Source of references:
Ching, Francis DK, 1987, Architecture: From, Space and Order, Van Nostrand
Reinhold.
Funk dan Wagnalls, 1990, New Encyclopedia, vol – 22.
Klassen, Winand, 1992, Architecture and Philosophy, Philipines: Calvano Printers
Cebu City.
Kruft, Hanno-Walter, 1994, A History of Architectural Theory, Princeton
Architectural Press.
Mangunwijaya, YB, 1987, Wastu Citra, Gramedia, Jakarta.
Meiss, Pierre von, 1985, Elements of Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Soger, Smith T., 1987, An Illustrated of History Architecture Style, Omega Books.
Soger, Smith T., 1989, An Illustrated of History Architecture Style, Omega Books.
Sumalyo, Yulianto, 1997, Arsitektur Moder Akhir Abad XIX dan Abad XX.
Gajahmada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Understanding
Definition of Renaissance according to Merriam – Webster dictionary is:
"The revival of classical influences in the art and literature and the beginning of modern science in Europe in the 14th-17th centuries, also movement or period of vigorous artistic and intellectual activity".
The Renaissance ages(enlightenment ages) appears after the period of the middle ages or Medieval period (Middle Age), commonly referred to as the time of darkness. Called so because at that time less or absence of new thoughts, especially in the world of architecture which makes the architectural works by stopping or simply manipulate the elements of a decorative nature detail (like the Rococo Architecture). Factors that strongly influenced the birth of the Renaissance (enlightenment) is the existence of concepts and new thinking in the way of the view of man in his life that is by way of an appreciation of human reason (personal), it's no longer just rely on the leadership of the Church.
The Basic Concept Of Renaissance Thought
Renaissance occurring rebirth of classical architecture, based on the architecture of Classical Greece with Classical Architecture of Roman influence. The short history of the people of Greece has been deeply discussed the way of life in the world. To get a life unpalatable, there need to rule. The rule was made for set the human and nature. Human nature makes the rules & "we" that produces the familiar "HUMANISM".
"HUMANISM" Doctrine which says that human beings are able to set himself and nature. (Humanism that contains the familiar "‟ LIBERALISM).
"LIBERALISM" Doctrine which says that human beings should be free. Free organize himself and nature, so man should make the rules, and rules are made with common sense. This is the core of the doctrine of "RATIONALISM".
"RATIONALISM" Doctrine that says the truth is sought and measured by an intellectual. Thus, in the end, will bring up the familiar "EMPIRICISM".
In essence, the "HUMANISM" is the doctrine that aims to raise the degree and the glory of the man. Understand this underlying appreciation of the artist and his works. Classical world interested towards HUMANITIES and love going to the beauty of the human figure, used as an object, as a human being is the most beautiful works of art.
The doctrine of "RATIONALISM" underlying curiosity (coriosity) and the investigation of the nature of nature, gave rise to new Sciences (Mathematics, perspective, and Antomi). The application of these studies formed the basis of the theory is applied to the works of the Renaissance.
The Birth Of The Renaissance
The influence of the Renaissance developed since the beginning of the 14th century in Florence, Italy which later spread to France, Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal and also to the countries of the European colonies in the Americas, Asia, and Africa.
Renaissance originated in the works of literature, based on the work of Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Dante. Then followed by sculpture and painting (with some of its artists, namely Gimabue, Nicola Pisano and Giotto). Then the last one is the development of the art of architecture. [Fimbul] Brunelleschi (1377-1438) was the first architect of the Renaissance, starting from Goldsmith, sculptor and also studied mathematics. As well as making images of work from ancient Roman buildings in Rome.
The "Ospedale Degli Innocenti" 1419 (The Founding Hospital) his first "Tuscan and Romanesque" style.
The next design shows the approach to the New Classical style, such as the tendency of "symmetry", "proportional" and application of "Arcade with columns supporting a half circle (the element of ARC)", is a feature of Renaissance architecture style. While Alberti with Palazzo Rucellai (1446), which has a façade with order forms of pillars and the horizontal stripes on the broad flat areas, this pattern became popular in the future, they are the two main characters.
Theories of Renaissance Architecture
Development of the theory of architecture used the architects during the Renaissance believed that their buildings should be one part of a grammar rule. They returned in Greece mathematical proportion system so the architecture is the notion of mathematics occurred which rendered in units of space. The development of theories of Renaissance refers to a philosophy created by Plato, Pythagoras, and Aristotle.
Plato's theory to see that natural beauty appears through the presence of lines, circles, and the surface that produces geometric shape and volume of the absolute.
The Pythagorean theory was the basis of a comparison of the ratio of development forms the basis for the architectural proportions-proportions by trying to establish the mathematical calculations, that are aesthetical.
Read also:
The theory of Aristotle posited the theory of space as a venue and the limited Cosmos then evolved up to the emergence of the concept of "Cartesian Spaces". This theory States that the length, width, and thickness form a geometric regularity exists as a two or three-dimensional grid (the concept of the geometry of space). A combination of several previous theories of Vitruvius theory with the theory of Proportion in the Renaissance emphasis on HARMONY.
Proportion,
Is a comparison between each of the dimensions of the resulting equilibrium dimensions. This theory is applied based on the application of the human body through the systems of mathematical and geometric forms that produce a unique and universal systems. The proportion of applied theory of Andrea Palladio (1508 – 1580) asserts the seven fruits of the most beautiful room proportions, namely in the form of "seven forms of floor plan Ideal spaces" (see picture).
In addition, Palladio suggested a number of ways to determine the correct height, to the spaces that have a flat ceiling, the height of the space is supposed to be 1/3 greater than the width. Palladio using Pythagoras to determine height space with the use of mathematics, geometry, and harmony.
MATHEMATICALLY: C – B/B-A = C/C for example 1, 2, 3 or 6, 9,12
GEOMETRIC: C – B/B-A = C/B eg. 1, 2, 3 or 4, 6, 9
HARMONICS: C – B/B-A = C/A eg. 2, 3, 4 or 6, 8, 12
The law of Pythagoras declared that "everything is arranged according to the numbers."
Plato developed the Pythagorean aesthetics of the figures being aesthetic proportions by creating squares and cubes. The increase in numbers is simple to create added- the addition of two or 3 x folding.
Sequence numbers 1, 2, 4, 8, and 1, 3, 9, 27 and reveals the harmonious nature of the structure.
The theory of the Renaissance developed a ratio, the ratio not only at the dimension of a space or the façade but also in the proportion of the proportion relation spaces from a sequence of spaces or a floor plan of the whole.
Balance,
This theory posited about balance in shapes, dimensions, and ratios. This balance is made through a "Symmetrical ‟ or" Asymmetric ‟. Symmetrical is the special case of coherent principles of each element. From this symmetry, the axis generated or axis, which can give the impression of formal and religious.
Symmetry in the architecture of the Renaissance, to Symmetry with the Aesthetic principles. Pay attention to the harmony (harmony), as used by Palladio or pay attention to the power of symbols of religious buildings such as the works of Michelangelo.
Symmetry with the constructive principles. Using rationality with static rules to form a simple landscape, the framework of the dome, arcs, and others.
Geometry.
Geometry on the theory of the Renaissance towards shapes, dimensions and ratios applied the approach to the structure of the human body through the proportion is applied to the elements of the architecture. The analogy between the proportions of the body with the building's architectural treasures has made the term façade, the building's skin, skeleton, as well as the relationships between the size, shape, and motion of "human scale ‟.
Perspective
The theory of Perspective in the Renaissance by Brunelleschi who apply perspective in the development of the architecture of "space and Shape ‟. This is visible in his work the Piazza Del Campidoglio in Rome. The development of the principle of perspective this is clearly influenced by the new understanding of the rules of optics.
Technology
The technology is very supportive of the development of concepts and theories of architectural Renaissance. The first is the science of carpentry that gets ease due to the discovery of techniques serving stereotomy works Delorme (1510 – 1570). This technique can describe the making of the "bow ‟ (vaulting) with stone pieces.
This was later developed by Gottfried Semper (1803-1879) and theory of tectonics. Semper said that the language of architecture is a language of hand that its realization is tectonic, while spaces need to be revealed through stereotomic. This includes hand language how to connect elements of construction. The second is the building science that dispenses the types of houses, followed by the development of the regulations and the main building.
Source of references:
Ching, Francis DK, 1987, Architecture: From, Space and Order, Van Nostrand
Reinhold.
Funk dan Wagnalls, 1990, New Encyclopedia, vol – 22.
Klassen, Winand, 1992, Architecture and Philosophy, Philipines: Calvano Printers
Cebu City.
Kruft, Hanno-Walter, 1994, A History of Architectural Theory, Princeton
Architectural Press.
Mangunwijaya, YB, 1987, Wastu Citra, Gramedia, Jakarta.
Meiss, Pierre von, 1985, Elements of Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Soger, Smith T., 1987, An Illustrated of History Architecture Style, Omega Books.
Soger, Smith T., 1989, An Illustrated of History Architecture Style, Omega Books.
Sumalyo, Yulianto, 1997, Arsitektur Moder Akhir Abad XIX dan Abad XX.
Gajahmada University Press, Yogyakarta.
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